Compuestos bioactivos de canela y su efecto en la disminución del síndrome metabólico: revisión sistemática / Bioactive compounds of cinnamon and their effect on decreasing metabolic syndrome: systematic review

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) aumenta el ingreso hospitalario y el riesgo de desarrollar COVID-19, los fármacos utilizados para su tratamiento ocasionan efectos secundarios por lo que se ha optado por la búsqueda de alternativas terapéuticas a base de compuestos bioactivos contenidos en plantas medicinales. La canela se utiliza como agente terapéutico debido a sus propiedades comprobadas con diversos mecanismos de acción reportados en el tratamiento de varias patologías. Objetivo. Documentar los estudios in vitro, in vivo, estudios clínicos y los mecanismos de acción reportados del efecto de la administración de extractos y polvo de canela en las comorbilidades relacionadas con el SM. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemàtica de artículos en bases de datos electrónicas, incluyendo estudios de canela en polvo, extractos acuosos, de acetato de etilo y metanol de la corteza de canela, período de 5 años, excluyendo todo artículo relacionado a su efecto antimicrobiano, antifúngico y aceite de canela. Resultados. Las evidencias de los principales compuestos bioactivos contenidos en la canela validan su potencial en el tratamiento de enfermedades relacionadas al SM, con limitados estudios que indagan en los mecanismos de acción correspondientes a sus actividades biológicas. Conclusiones. Las evidencias de las investigaciones validan su potencial en el tratamiento de estas patologías, debido a sus principales compuestos bioactivos: cinamaldehído, transcinamaldehído, ácido cinámico, eugenol y, antioxidantes del tipo proantocianidinas A y flavonoides, los cuales participan en diversos mecanismos de acción que activan e inhiben enzimas, con efecto hipoglucemiante (quinasa y fosfatasa), antiobesogénico (UPC1), antiinflamatorio (NOS y COX), hipolipemiante (HMG-CoA) y antihipertensivo (ECA)(AU)

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases hospital admission and the risk of developing COVID-19. Due to the side effects caused by the drugs used for its treatment, the search for therapeutic alternatives based on bioactive compounds contained in medicinal plants has been chosen. Cinnamon is used as a therapeutic agent due to its proven properties with various mechanisms of action reported in the treatment of various pathologies. Objective. To document the in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical studies and the mechanisms of action reported on the effect of the administration of cinnamon extracts and powder on comorbidities related to MS. Materials and methods. Systematic review of articles in electronic databases, including studies of cinnamon powder, aqueous extracts, ethyl acetate and methanol from cinnamon bark, over a period of 5 years, excluding all those articles related to its antimicrobial, antifungal and antimicrobial effect. cinnamon oil. Results. The evidence of the main bioactive compounds contained in cinnamon validates its potential in the treatment of diseases related to MS, with limited studies that investigate the mechanisms of action corresponding to its biological activities. Conclusions. Research evidence validates its potential in the treatment of these pathologies, due to its main bioactive compounds: cinnamaldehyde, transcinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, and antioxidants of the proanthocyanidin A type and flavonoids, which participate in various mechanisms of action that activate and they inhibit enzymes, with hypoglycemic (kinase and phosphatase), antiobesogenic (UPC1), anti-inflammatory (NOS and COX), lipid-lowering (HMG-CoA) and antihypertensive (ACE) effects(AU)

Comparison of General and Liver-Specific Prognostic Scores in Their Ability to Predict Mortality in Cirrhotic Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.

Introduction: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and III and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) are prognostic scores commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU). Their accuracy in predicting mortality has not been adequately evaluated in comparison to prognostic scores commonly used in critically ill cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation (AD) or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of prognostic scores, including APACHE II, SOFA, Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF-C) SOFA, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CPS), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-Na, MELD to serum sodium ratio (MESO) index, CLIF-C organ failure (CLIF-C OF), CLIF-C ACLF, and CLIF-C AD scores, in predicting mortality of cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU. Patients and Methods. A total of 382 patients (280 males, mean age 67.3 ± 10.6 years) with cirrhosis were retrospectively evaluated. All prognostic scores were calculated in the first 24 hours of ICU admission. Their ability to predict mortality was measured using the analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Mortality was observed in 31% of the patients. Analysis of AUC revealed that CLIF-C OF (0.807) and CLIF-SOFA (0.776) had the best ability to predict mortality in all patients, but CLIF-C OF (0.749) had higher prognostic accuracy in patients with ACLF. CLIF-SOFA, SOFA, and CLIF-C AD had the highest AUC values in patients with AD, with no statistical difference (p=0.971). Conclusions: When compared to other general or liver-specific prognostic scores, CLIF-C OF, CLIF-SOFA, SOFA, and CLIF-C AD have good accuracy to predict mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and patients with AD. According to the clinical scenario, different scores should be used to provide prognosis to patients with cirrhosis in the ICU.

Reusing exterior wall framing systems: A cradle-to-cradle comparative life cycle assessment.

The construction industry consumes 40% of the global materials and produces one of the largest waste streams in the planet. In a circular economy, the reuse of building components in multiple life cycles aims at increasing resource efficiency and eliminating waste. But can reuse offset the environmental impacts of materials with high embodied energy (e.g. steel)? If so, in what conditions? In the study presented in this paper, the authors used two different life cycle assessment (LCA) methods to compare a single-use wood-framed wall against a reusable steel-framed wall in a tiny house in the U.S. The analyzed impact categories were global warming potential, embodied energy, and water use. One of the main goals of this study was to understand the benefits of reusing a material with high embodied energy when compared to a single-use alternative. Another equally important objective was to understand how different LCA methods can influence the results in a cradle-to-cradle (C2C) LCA. As results, reuse benefits depended on aggressive reuse rates (>70%) and multiple reuses of steel were needed to offset the embodied environmental impacts during steel production. Also, the analyses showed that process-based LCA and hybrid LCA can generate conflicting results in a C2C LCA.

The need for detailed gender-specific occupational safety analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The female work in population is growing in the United States, therefore the occupational health and safety entities must start to analyze gender-specific data related to every industry, especially to nontraditional occupations. Women working in nontraditional jobs are often exposed to extreme workplace hazards. These women have their safety and health threatened because there are no adequate policies to mitigate gender-specific risks such as discrimination and harassment. Employers tend to aggravate this situation because they often fail to provide proper reporting infrastructure and support. According to past studies, women suffered from workplace injuries and illnesses that were less prominent among men. Statistics also confirmed that men and women faced different levels of risks in distinct work environments. For example, the rates of workplace violence and murders by personal acquaintances were significantly higher among women. METHODS: In this paper, the authors analyze prior public data on fatal and nonfatal injuries to understand why we need to differentiate genders when analyzing occupational safety and health issues. RESULTS: The analyses confirmed that women dealt with unique workplace hazards compared to men. CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent that public agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Labor, record gender-specific data in details and by occupations and industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The reader will become aware of the current lack - and need - of data and knowledge about injuries and illnesses separated by gender and industry. Finally, safety and health researchers are encouraged to investigate the gender-specific data in all industries and occupations, as soon as they become available.

Hepatoportal sclerosis related to the use of herbals and nutritional supplements. Causality or coincidence?

 Introduction and aim. Non-cirrhotic idiopathic portal hypertension (NCIPH), also known as hepatoportal sclerosis (HPS) is a disease of uncertain etiology. However, various pathophysiological mechanisms has been postulated, including chronic or recurrent infections and exposure to drugs or toxins. In this context, it appears to be of multifactorial etiology or resulting from a portal vascular endothelium aggression. It is important to consider whether the use of dietary supplements and herbs can trigger or contribute to the occurance of HPS. We report a possible association of HPS with the consumption of herbals and / or dietary supplements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe two cases of HPS in patients without known etiology causes associated with this disease. RESULTS: Both patients were females who were diagnosed with HPS following the consumption of Herbalife® products and putative anorexigenic agents in the form herbals infusions. Image-based analysis and the assessment of the histopathological alterations found in the livers confirmed the diagnosis. The histopatological analysis of liver samples from both patients showed portal tracts enlarged by fibrosis with disappearance or reduction in the diameter of the portal vein branches. In many portal tracts, portal veins branches were replaced by aberrant thin-walled fendiforme vessels. The bile ducts and branches of the hepatic artery show normal aspects. CONCLUSION: After the exclusion of other etiologic factors and a comprehensive analysis of clinical history, consumption of Herbalife® products and anorexigenic agents was pointed-out as a puttative predisposing factor for the development of the disease.

Estudio descriptivo de los pacientes con reflujo vesicoureteral intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el hospital infantil universitario Rafael Henao Toro de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia), 2008-2015 / Descriptive study of patients with vesicoureteral reflux, treated surgically at the University Children’s Hospital Rafael Henao Toro Manizales (Caldas, Colombia), 2008-2015

Objetivo: analizar las historias clínicas de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por reflujo vesicoureteral en el Hospital Infantil Universitario Rafael Henao Toro de Manizales-Caldas (Colombia) durante los años 2008-2015. Materiales y métodos:estudio descriptivo en el cual se revisaron 50 historias clínicas. Resultados: el género masculino tiene una proporción de 52%, en un 70% la procedencia es de Manizales,54,3% de estrato social 3, la edad promedio es de 3,22±2,81 años. En cuanto a las variables pondoestaturales, los niños tienen un peso promedio de 16,59±10,49 kg,63,3% con peso adecuado para la edad, en promedio la talla es de 98,92±24, 47 cm, 80,6% con talla adecuada para la edad. Referente a las variables clínicas el 70% consulta por fiebre la primera vez, el 77,6% tenían ecografía prenatal, el 16% presentan anomalías extrarrenales, siendo vejiga neurogénica la más frecuente 37,5%, el 32% muestra complicaciones, siendo la infección de las vía urinarias la más frecuente con un 25%, respecto a la lateralidad la afectación del riñón izquierdo fue del 40,8% y se encuentra el parcial de orina alterado en el 85,4%. El método diagnóstico más frecuente fue la ecografía post-natal con un 72%. Conclusiones: en este estudio selogra dilucidar características tanto clínicas y sociodemográficas del reflujo vesicoureteral pero no se logra confirma el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes encontrado en otros estudios, también se obtiene información sobre los métodos diagnósticos y el manejo más utilizado en esta zona del país.

Objective: to analize medical histories of treated patients by vesicoureteral reflux atHospital Infantil Universitario Rafael Henao Toro from Manizales-Colombia duringyears 2008-2015. Materials and methods: descriptive studies in which 50 medicalhistories were reviewed. Results: male gender has a 52% proportion, in a 70% theorigin from Manizales, 54,3% are in a social stratum number 3, the average age is3.22±2,81 years old. Regarding the pondostaturals variables, kids weight is on average16.59±10,49 kg, 63.3% of them have a porportional weight according to the age, meanwhile the average height is 98,92±24,47 cm, 80,6% have a proportional heightaccording to the age. Relating to medical variables, 70% of consults are due to firsttime fever, 77.6% had a prenatal ecography, 16% have extrarenal abnormalities, beingneurogenic bladder the most frequent with a 37,5%, 32% show complications, beingurinary tract infection the most frequent with a 25%, regarding the laterality left kidney affectation was 40,8% and urine test is altered in the 85,4%. The most frequent method to diagnose was post-natal ecography with a 72%. Conclusions: in this study is possible to elucidate both medicals and sociodemographic characteristics of vesicoureteralreflux nevertheless is not possible to confirm the epidemiologyc profile of the patients found in other studies, also information is obtained about diagnose methods and the most used management in this part of the country.

Sobre ciúmes e erotomania: reflexões acerca de um caso clínico / From jealousy to erotomania: a clinical case / Sur la jalousie et l'érotomanie: réflexions sur un cas clinique / Sobre celos y erotomanía: reflexiones acerca de un caso clínico

Este artigo aborda os temas do ciúmes e da erotomania a partir de um caso clínico. O ciúme foi retomado partindo de sua manifestação primordial na gênese da constituição do psiquismo em direção a seus desdobramentos patológicos. A erotomania foi abordada a partir do referencial psiquiátrico clássico e não daquele encontrado nos atuais manuais diagnósticos. A articulação dos dois temas, embora não tenha visado qualquer intenção diagnóstica, apontou para uma posição subjetiva regressiva, de estruturação narcísica, delirante e com frágil conjugação do corpo.(AU)

This article discusses the topics of jealousy and erotomania on the basis of a clinical case. The concept of jealousy was approached from its manifestation in the early development of the psychic apparatus with possible pathological ramifications arising later. Erotomania was approached through its classical psychiatric reference, rather than through descriptions found in current diagnostic manuals of mental disorders. The author does not go into the matter of diagnosis, but cross-referencing of these two topics showed regressive positions of the subject, with narcissistic and delirious structuring and with a concomitant fragile body image.(AU)

Cet article propose une analyse de la jalousie et de l'érotomanie en prenant pour base un cas clinique. La jalousie est comprise à partir de sa manifestation primordiale dans la genèse de la constitution du psychisme et dans ses développements pathologiques. L'érotomanie est approchée par le biais du système de références de la psychiatrie classique et non par celui des manuels de diagnostic actuels. Bien que n'ayant pas une visée diagnostique, l'articulation entre les deux thèmes indique une position subjective régressive, de structuration narcissique et délirante, ainsi qu'une constitution physique fragile.(AU)

Este artículo aborda los temas de los celos y la erotomanía a partir de un caso clínico. Los celos fueron comprendidos a partir de su manifestación primordial en la génesis de la constitución del psiquismo y en sus desdoblamientos patológicos. La erotomanía fue abordada a partir de su referencial psiquiátrico clásico y no de aquel encontrado en los actuales manuales diagnósticos. La articulación de los dos temas con el caso, aunque no haya partido de cualquier intención diagnóstica, apuntó para una posición subjetiva, regresiva, de estructuración narcisista, delirante y con frágil conjugación del cuerpo.(AU)

Sobre ciúmes e erotomania: reflexões acerca de um caso clínico / From jealousy to erotomania: a clinical case / Sur la jalousie et l'érotomanie: réflexions sur un cas clinique / Sobre celos y erotomanía: reflexiones acerca de un caso clínico

Este artigo aborda os temas do ciúmes e da erotomania a partir de um caso clínico. O ciúme foi retomado partindo de sua manifestação primordial na gênese da constituição do psiquismo em direção a seus desdobramentos patológicos. A erotomania foi abordada a partir do referencial psiquiátrico clássico e não daquele encontrado nos atuais manuais diagnósticos. A articulação dos dois temas, embora não tenha visado qualquer intenção diagnóstica, apontou para uma posição subjetiva regressiva, de estruturação narcísica, delirante e com frágil conjugação do corpo.

This article discusses the topics of jealousy and erotomania on the basis of a clinical case. The concept of jealousy was approached from its manifestation in the early development of the psychic apparatus with possible pathological ramifications arising later. Erotomania was approached through its classical psychiatric reference, rather than through descriptions found in current diagnostic manuals of mental disorders. The author does not go into the matter of diagnosis, but cross-referencing of these two topics showed regressive positions of the subject, with narcissistic and delirious structuring and with a concomitant fragile body image.

Cet article propose une analyse de la jalousie et de l'érotomanie en prenant pour base un cas clinique. La jalousie est comprise à partir de sa manifestation primordiale dans la genèse de la constitution du psychisme et dans ses développements pathologiques. L'érotomanie est approchée par le biais du système de références de la psychiatrie classique et non par celui des manuels de diagnostic actuels. Bien que n'ayant pas une visée diagnostique, l'articulation entre les deux thèmes indique une position subjective régressive, de structuration narcissique et délirante, ainsi qu'une constitution physique fragile.

Este artículo aborda los temas de los celos y la erotomanía a partir de un caso clínico. Los celos fueron comprendidos a partir de su manifestación primordial en la génesis de la constitución del psiquismo y en sus desdoblamientos patológicos. La erotomanía fue abordada a partir de su referencial psiquiátrico clásico y no de aquel encontrado en los actuales manuales diagnósticos. La articulación de los dos temas con el caso, aunque no haya partido de cualquier intención diagnóstica, apuntó para una posición subjetiva, regresiva, de estructuración narcisista, delirante y con frágil conjugación del cuerpo.

Rituais escolares: notas sobre jogos e olimpíadas escolares como rituais / School rituals: notes on school games and olympics as rituals

A teoria sociológica aponta que todas as sociedades constroem formas de celebração de seus valores e identidade. Segundo autores como DaCosta (2000) e MacAloon (1984), os jogos olímpicos pautam-se em valores da modernidade ocidental, e que os celebra em grandiosas cerimônias. Inseridos no âmbito escolar, identificamos um elevado número de "jogos" e/ou "olimpíadas" que, direta ou indiretamente, baseiam-se no modelo olímpico. Neste contexto, tivemos por objetivo analisar os sentidos, significados e valores envolvidos na realização de jogos escolares, com ênfase em suas cerimônias de abertura. Além disso, buscamos compreender as razões que orientam os professores a organizarem estas competições. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações em duas cerimônias em escolas da Grande Vitória e entrevistas com os professores organizadores das competições. Verificamos que as apropriações dos valores ritualizados nos jogos olímpicos são singulares e baseadas na realidade local, porém coexistem com a emulação de um modelo que se propõe universal.

Sociological theory suggests that all societies create ways of celebrating their values and identity. According to authors such as DaCosta (2000) and MacAloon (1984), Olympic Games are guided by values of the western modernity and celebrate them through its ceremonies. In the school context, a high number of "games" and/or "Olympics" might be identified, which, directly or indirectly, are based in the Olympic model. Thus, we aimed to analyze the meanings of values involved in the realization of these school games, focusing in the opening ceremonies. Moreover, we intended to understand the reasons that guide teachers to organize such competitions. For doing so, two schools ceremonies were observed and interviews were made with teachers who organized the competitions. We found that the appropriation of the values ritualized in OG is singular, based on local realities, but coexist with the emulation of a universal model that is proposed.

Retención de cuerpos extraños en cirugía: La seguridad del enfermo en riesgo / Retention of foreign bodies in surgery: The safety of the patient at risk

Objetivo: Ejemplificar la ruptura en la seguridad del paciente y el impacto sobre la salud del enfermo y sobre el costo de la atención médica secundario a oblitos. Sede: Hospital General de Zona 8 del IMSS, segundo nivel de atención. Diseño: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo. Análisis estadístico: Porcentajes como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. Material y métodos: Se presentan los casos de oblito tratados durante el año de 2007. Sólo se evaluó diagnóstico y procedimiento, así como conteo de gasas y compresas de cirugía inicial. Dichos casos se presentaron antes de implementar la lista de cotejo de cirugía segura. Resultados: Se detectaron cuatro oblitos, tres correspondieron a gasa secundarios a apendicectomía, histerectomía y cesárea, respectivamente y el cuarto a una compresa, secundario a una plastía de hiato, se logró retirar el oblito en dos sin complicaciones, al retirarla en el tercero hubo perforación intestinal incidental manejada con resección intestinal y anastomosis primaria, en el cuarto se logró retirar con gran morbilidad e incapacidad laboral por más de un año. Dos pacientes cursaron con infección de sitio quirúrgico y uno tuvo dos episodios de bacteriemia. Sólo uno de los casos tuvo su cirugía inicial en el HGZ8. Es de hacer notar que en los expedientes de cirugía previa de los cuatro enfermos, la cuenta de gasas y compresas se mencionó completa. El tiempo de diagnóstico fue de 1 mes a 7 años de postoperatorio. Conclusión: El oblito es un evento adverso prevenible que causa gran morbilidad en los enfermos y aumento en el costo de la atención médica. La lista de verificación perioperatoria que incluya el conteo de gasas y compresas pre y postoperatoria es en el momento el estándar de oro para evitarlo.

Objective: To provide an example of patient safety breaching and the impact on patients health and the cost of medical care secondary to retained surgical items. Setting: Hospital General de Zona 8, IMSS, second level health care. Design: Cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, descriptive study. Statistical analysis: Percentages as summary measure for qualitative variables. Material and methods: We present four cases of retained surgical items (gossybipomas) treated during 2007. We only evaluated diagnosis and procedure, as well as counting of sponges and gauzes of the initial surgery. These cases occurred before the implementation of the surgical safety checklist. Results: We detected four gossypibomas, three corresponded to gauzes left by an appendectomy, a hysterectomy and a cesarean, respectively. The fourth corresponded to a sponge secondary to hiatal repair. The gossypibomas items were removed in two cases without complications. In the third, removal produced an incidental intestinal perforation that was managed with intestinal resection and primary anastomosis. The fourth was removed but causing great morbidity and working disability for more than one year. Two patients coursed with infection of the surgical site and one had two episodes of bacteriemia. Only one of the patients had the initial surgery performed at the HGZ8. It is worthwhile mentioning that at the initial surgery, counting of gauzes and sponges was reported to be complete. The time of diagnosis ranged from 1 month to 7 years after the initial surgery. Conclusion: A gossypiboma (retained surgical item) is a preventable adverse event that causes severe morbidity in patients and increases the cost of medical care. The surgical checklist, including that of gauzes and sponges, applied pre- and post-operatively is, at this time, the gold standard to avoid this adverse event.

Highly toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain, isolated from São Paulo-Brazil, produce hepatotoxins and paralytic shellfish poison neurotoxins.

While evaluating several laboratory-cultured cyanobacteria strains for the presence of paralytic shellfish poison neurotoxins, the hydrophilic extract of Microcystis aeruginosa strain SPC777--isolated from Billings's reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil--was found to exhibit lethal neurotoxic effect in mouse bioassay. The in vivo test showed symptoms that unambiguously were those produced by PSP. In order to identify the presence of neurotoxins, cells were lyophilized, and the extracts were analyzed by HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS. HPLC-FLD analysis revealed four main Gonyautoxins: GTX4(47.6%), GTX2(29.5%), GTX1(21.9%), and GTX3(1.0%). HPLC-MS analysis, on other hand, confirmed both epimers, with positive Zwitterions M(+) 395.9 m/z for GTX3/GTX2 and M(+) 411 m/z for GTX4/GTX1 epimers.The hepatotoxins (Microcystins) were also evaluated by ELISA and HPLC-MS analyses. Positive immunoreaction was observed by ELISA assay. Alongside, the HPLC-MS analyses revealed the presence of [L: -ser(7)] MCYST-RR. The N-methyltransferase (NMT) domain of the microcystin synthetase gene mcyA was chosen as the target sequence to detect the presence of the mcy gene cluster. PCR amplification of the NMT domain, using the genomic DNA of the SPC777 strain and the MSF/MSR primer set, resulted in the expected 1,369 bp product. The phylogenetic analyses grouped the NMT sequence with the NMT sequences of other known Microcystis with high bootstrap support. The taxonomical position of M. aeruginosa SPC777 was confirmed by a detailed morphological description and a phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Therefore, co-production of PSP neurotoxins and microcystins by an isolated M. aeruginosa strain is hereby reported for the first time.

A família da criança considerada "problema" na escola / Family of children considered to be problematic at school / La familia del niño considerado problemático en la escuela

Neste estudo descritivo/exploratório, buscou-se conhecer a estrutura familiar da criança considerada problema na escola. Foram entrevistadas 13 famílias de 14 crianças, consideradas problemas, de uma escola. Percebeu-se que grande parte dos entrevistados possui casa própria, com pequena estrutura física e precárias condições de higiene. O tipo de família prevalente é biparental. As categorias que emergiram dos discursos foram: pais ausentes, criação, ociosidade das crianças, assiduidade às aulas. Considera-se que há vasto campo para a promoção da saúde mental que, integrada à rede de saúde da família, pode oferecer à família aportes necessários para o enfrentamento das mais variadas situações do cotidiano. É notória a necessidade de o enfermeiro perceber o ambiente familiar como campo de ação, com vista à melhoria da qualidade das relações familiares.

This study aims to recognize the family structure of children considered to be problematic at school. It is a descriptive and exploratory study in which 13 families of 14 children were interviewed. Most of them owned, although small, a house where they lived in poor hygiene conditions. The prevalent type of family was biparental. The categories that emerged from the speeches were: absent parents, up bringing, idle children and school assistance. We consider there are great possibilities of promoting mental health which, integrated to the family health centre, may help the families to face different daily situations. In order to improve family relationships we highlight the importance that the nursing professional sees the familial environment as a field of action.

El presente estudio busca conocer la estructura familiar de los niños considerados como problemas en la escuela. Se realizaron entrevistas a 13 familias de 14 niños considerados problemáticas en una escuela. Se notó que gran parte de los entrevistados contaba con vivienda propia pequeña con condiciones de higiene precarias. El tipo de familia que predominaba era la “biparental”. Las categorías que emergieron de los discursos fueron: padres ausentes, creación, ociosidad de los niños, frecuencia a las clases. Se considera que hay un amplio campo para promover la salud mental que, integrada a la red de salud de la familia, puede ofrecerle a la familia la ayuda necesaria para enfrentar las más variadas situaciones del cotidiano. Es notable la necesidad del enfermero de percibir el entorno familiar como campo de actuación, con vistas a mejorar la calidad de las relaciones familiares.

Ausência congênita de caninos permanentes inferiores: relato de caso clínico / Congenital absence of permanent lower canines: case report

Anodontia e oligodontia são termos que designam a ausência congênita de dentes. A ausência congênita de caninos permanentes é rara, e uma vez diagnosticada é fundamental iniciar uma terapêutica adequada, de modo a conseguir uma oclusão harmônica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de ausência congênita de caninos permanentes inferiores, em um indivíduo do gênero feminino, de 22 anos de idade

Prevalência de oclusopatia em escolares de 12 anos de idade: estudo realizado em uma escola pública do município de Feira de Santana-BA / Malocclusion prevalence in twelve-years-old schoolchildren: study on a public school in Feira de Santana-ba city, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de oclusopatia em 97 escolares de 12 anos de idade de uma escola pública do município de Feira de Santana-BA. Foram utilizados os critérios estabelecidos pelo Índice Estético Dentário (DAI) proposto pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (1997). Os resultados demonstraram que a prevalência de oclusopatias nos escolares examinados foi alta (21,6%), sendo o percentual de casos nos graus "severo" e "incapacitante" 11,3 e 10,3% respectivamente, apesar da maioria tenha apresentado grau de severidade do DAI normal (58,8%). Não houve diferença significativa do índice em relação ao gênero e a etnia. Ressalta-se a importância do tratamento nesta idade e da realização de medidas interceptativas e programas continuados de educação em saúde coletiva para a prevenção de oclusopatias como requisitos básicos para assegurar a superação deste problema de saúde pública.